Recent Advances in Cellulose Nanofibers Preparation through Energy-Efficient Approaches: A Review

Cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) and their applications have recently gained significant attention due to the attractive unique combination of properties including excellent mechanical properties, surface chemistry, biocompatibility, most importantly, abundance from sustainable renewable resources. Although there are some commercial production plants, mostly in developed countries, optimum CNF is still restricted expensive initial investment, high energy demand, relevant cost. This paper discusses development current trend applied methods introduce energy-efficient approaches for preparation CNFs. The cost-effective CNFs represents a critical step introducing bio-based materials industrial markets provides platform novel value applications. key factor remains within process feedstock optimization conditions achieve yields quality with consistent aimed at cost effective different feedstock.